我本科时在复旦英文系就读,2013年回国后在母校母系任教三年,对英文专业的困境有比较切身的体会,英文专业招生的时候往往会招来外国语中学毕业、英语能力还可以、但对语言或文学并不感兴趣的学生。即使没有因为专业点过多或生源芜杂而导致的问题,英文专业本身也比较尴尬。英文听说读写的功力,并非一两年内可以通过课程来提升的,说与写尤其困难,必须要经年累月地努力才有起色,所以读英文专业的成果在一时内无法准确衡量。但学外语并不怕慢,基础稳固最重要,到了一定程度后自然会加速度提高,也会对继续学习其他外语有好处。
我认为,即使在年轻人英文水准普遍提高的今天,有志于研究文学、文化或语言学的同学还是可以考虑国内比较好的英文系。毕竟英文写作和口语在英文系能得到最充分的锻炼,英语的输出要纯粹依靠自学需要相当大的毅力和更长时间。
那么我理想中的英语专业是怎么样的呢?其实这个问题也可以换一种方法来问。如果你有一段时间可以奉献给外语学习,并且也因为其重要性而充满动力,那么你最想能学到的语言能力是什么呢?当然是听说读写这些能力,但这些技能达到高峰的时候是什么样子的?凡文字工作者和爱好者都非常向往能理解文字的潜藏之义,弦外之音,也希望能随心所欲在不同的文字风格之间切换。从乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》到乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》,文学不仅是对思想和想象力的致敬,也是作家倾尽自己的语言能力在不同文体间纵横的孤傲战役。
所谓不同文体,就是用不同的字词排列方式营造高低雅俗、庄谐怨怒等效果。在中文里我们或许可以比较自然地在不同文体间游移。
比如,唇齿刻薄的人可能这样嘲弄英文专业的人:懒驴进磨道,自上圈套。他们就像瞎眼的驴子围着磨坊转,碾过一道道沟,多好的东西也会磨得面目不清。等外面的世界走过一个年轮,他们的口语和写作能力仍然没有起色,还是听不懂外国人的笑话,用英语一讲电话就结巴,就怕别人问专业是啥。别人提起保罗·里维尔(美国籍银匠、早期实业家,也是美国独立战争时期的一名爱国者),他们以为是画家,说到白鸟库吉(日本东洋史学奠基人,东京文献学派领袖),他们以为是影帝。
或许可以这样辩驳:坊间尝热议,习外语者难成大器,盖谓语言之习得有如竹头木屑之积,假以时日,自然功成,而专志于此,不免有遗于大道。初闻之下,不禁哑然。须知语言之习得断非积薪可比,而语言本身又岂仅形下之器?语言乃云中之水,风中之气,事物不可或缺之经纬。根情、苗言、华声、义实,白傅之言,允为千古不磨之论,试问欲得奥义之实,又岂能不悉心培育护持语言之苗?舍苗焉得实!而况外语实为汇通东海西海之舟楫与津梁,又岂可轻忽?当今之世,不习外语者绝难成大器,可以断言矣。
如果我们在英语中能像在中文里一样使用不同的文体实现不同的修辞效果,渲染不同的感情色彩,那就是迈出了跨越文化隔阂的重要一步。我在复旦教授高级英语课程的时候,会在写作训练中注重文体的切换。我会让学生按主题写一个段落,如建筑和空间,要求他们在阅读范例(狄更斯、奥威尔等)的基础上模仿写一段客观描述的段落,随后再改成从一个行动中人物的视角出发的充满个人回忆和情感的描述。
下面举一例。这两段是我自己写的,都与复旦大学第五教学楼有关,第一段进行客观描绘,第二段进行主观描绘。
1)Most of my teaching at Fudan takes place in a yellow concrete four-storied building spanning 100 meters in width, referred to plainly as Instruction Building No.5. There are two entrances on the first floor, facing each other, on the east side of the building. The building can also be entered through the Humanities Hall, linked to Building No.5 by passageways, one on each floor, on the west side. The bridging structure forms a rectangular space with the walls of the two buildings, which is often used as a small garden, with a corner for parking bikes. At the west end of the first floor of Building No.5, there is a notice board, covered routinely in large-sized flyers for lectures, contests, and elections. The cement stairs are plain, almost crude, lined with plastic railings, twice as broad as standard stairs in multi-storied buildings that you may find on quaint college campuses in Europe or America. With no paint or carpeting, though, the stairs in Building No.5 are at least pleasantly odorless. The hallways are just as nondescript and bare, but the humble wooden doors on both sides open onto surprisingly well-equipped smart classrooms. differing in size and seating arrangements, though invariably furnished with a white podium, remotely controlled from a certain room in an adjacent building. Seats in the classrooms are rarely sloped as in film auditoriums, but an instructor can see every student and engage the class when she makes an effort.
2) She steps into a classroom on the fourth floor of the No.5 building, where she attended courses as a college student many years ago. Long separation often makes places from one's childhood seem smaller than how they are remembered, but buildings from college days don't shrink that easily. Nevertheless, she's no longer intimidated by the idea of taking control of the room. She takes her place comfortably in front of it, standing on a slightly raised platform. For the next two hours, this will be her stage. It's a modest and limited space that she has to share with an over-sized white podium, but it brings possibilities like any other stage. Nothing but sudden wafts of smell and noise from outside the big windows punctuate the magic of this bubble of a room. When she opens the lid of the podium, a screen rolls out from the scroll on top of the board and comes down to its bottom edge, reminding her of a full sail on a sloop, with herself as the captain. Rows of seats unfold in front of her, all taken. She knows that she belongs here, right in front of the room, and only she knows how long it has taken her to feel this way.
任何写作练习都最好先有范文,然后就现成的材料进行写作和改写,有时候也可以直接改写或概括其他文章,或者与回译练习结合起来。花多年功夫有望逐渐学会用不同语言风格来描绘、分析不同事物。这样的功夫在课堂之外也是可以自己进行的。即使读了英文专业,在大学期间也就是上道而已,后面还有很长的路要自己走。如果在大学期间或是之后有机会出国交流,那当然会对各方面能力的提高大有助益。
我理想中的英文专业就是这样,以听说读写能力的系统提高为基本要求,以对文体的拿捏为最高标准,同时还有对文学、文化等领域的初步接触。而既然谈的是理想,就不是非要在具体的英文专业框架中实现,只要给自己足够时间,有一定基础,也可以通过自学来触碰英语学习的制高点。
以上说的这些在有些人看来可能过于务虚,若如此,也是因为我对语言的爱所致。在我看来,小到日常待人接物,大到与公众交流,都需要高超的拿捏语言的能力,不论学习母语还是外语,都是美不胜收的事情。可惜的是,许多学生出于现实考虑,明明有语言天赋和热情却不选外语专业,还有些学生显然更应该学其他专业,却被硬生生拉进语言专业,这都是无奈的错位。
若是错位了就尽快扭转过来吧。 祝福大家在年轻的时候能尽快找到符合自己能力和兴趣的道路,有真正靠得住的朋友和师长襄助,对外界评价和世俗压力有抵御能力。在一条道上坚持走下去,应该会找到自己的满足。
作者:金雯(华东师范大学比较文学教授,教育部青年长江学者)
编辑:朱颖婕
责任编辑:樊丽萍
*独家稿件,转载请注明出处。